關於保護遺產地精神的魁北克宣言

中英文本摘自中國古跡遺址保護協會：〈文化遺產保護管理相關文件匯編〉，第189-195頁。

前言

2008年10月4日國際古跡遺址理事會第16屆大會（加拿大魁北克）通過

2008年9月29日至10月4日，應國際古跡遺址理事會（以下簡稱ICOMOS）加拿大國家委 員會之邀，在ICOMOS第16屆大會和魁北克建城400周年慶典之際，與會者在加拿大這座歷史名城通過了下述宣言。該宣言通過保護有形和無形遺產，為保存地方精神提出各項原則和建議,被視作確保世界和社會可持續發展的一個創新、高效的途徑。

宣言是ICOMOS在過去5年間為保護和推廣遺產地精神，即遺產地的生存、社會和精神本質 所採取的一系列措施及行動的一部分。2003年，ICOMOS將其第14屆大會科學研討會的主題定位於保護古跡遺址的社會無形價值。在隨後的《肯伯雷宣言》裡，ICOMOS承諾，按照1972年《世界遺產公約》，重視考慮無形價值（記憶、信仰、傳統知識、對遺產地的情感）以及在古跡遺址的管理和保護上扮演前述價值守護者的當地社區。2005年的ICOMOS《西安宣言》提請注意，在保護世界古跡遺址與促進這項事業的發展時，要重視遺產地背景環境的保護，既包括實體、視覺和自然層面，也包括社會和信仰實踐、風俗、傳統知識與其它無形的方式和表現形式。宣言還呼籲採取跨學科的手段，實現資訊來源多元化，以便更好地理解、管理和保護古跡遺址的環境。ICOMOS美洲地區委員會於2008年擬定的《Foz Do IguaÁu宣言》闡明，遺產的有形和無形元素，對已經創造並傳承具有文化和歷史意義的遺產地社區的特性的保護是不可或缺的。ICOMOS新的有關文化線路和遺產闡釋與展示的憲章經過廣泛磋商後擬定，並呈報ICOMOS第16屆大會批准，其中也認可了遺產無形層面和遺產地精神價值的重要性。由於有形和無形遺產的不可分割性，以及無形遺產賦予實物和遺產地的意義、價值和環境，ICOMOS正考慮通過針對古跡遺址的無形遺產特別擬定的新憲章。為此，我們鼓勵通過開展討論和辯論，制訂出適用於遺產地精神本體變化的新概念語彙。

第16屆大會，更具體說就是青年論壇、原住民論壇和科學研討會，為進一步探索有形和無形遺產，以及遺產地精神的社會內部和文化機制間的關係提供了機會。遺產地精神被界定為有形（建築物、遺址、景觀、線路、實物）和無形元素（記憶、口述、書面文獻、儀式、慶典活動、傳統知識、價值、質地、顏色、氣味等），即賦予遺產地意義、價值、情感和神秘性的物質和精神元素。我們沒有將精神與遺產地、有形與無形割裂開、視為對立的事物，而是探查兩者相互影響、相輔相成的多種方式。遺產地精神由各種社會行動者——不僅它的建造者、管理者還有它的使用者——共同構建而成，這些人積極持續的努力，共同賦予了遺產地精神以意義。被看作一種關係概念的遺產地精神具有多元、動態的特徵，能夠擁有多重意義和特點，並隨時間推移而變化，同時屬於不同群體。這種動態的方法也更加適應今日以跨國人口流動、人口遷移、跨文化交流、多元社會，以及對遺產地的多種認同感為特徵的全球化的世界。

遺產地精神有助於大家更加全面地瞭解古跡、遺址和文化景觀當下的和永恆的特性。它為認識文化遺產提供了更加豐富、動態的全方位視野。遺產地精神以不同形式存在於全世界所有的文化之中，是人類為適應其社會需求創造的。在遺產地內居住的社會群體，特別是傳統社區，應將其與所在遺產地記憶、生命力、延續性和精神的保護密切聯繫。

因此，ICOMOS第16屆大會的與會者，向各政府和非政府組織、國家和地方當局，以及所 有機構和專家提出以下原則和建議的宣言，希望他們能夠通過立法、制定政策、規劃程式和管理等手段更好地保護與宣傳遺產地精神。

遺產地精神的再思考

1. 認識遺產地精神由有形（遺址、建築物、景觀、線路、可移動文物）和無形元素（記憶、口述歷史、書面文獻、儀式、慶典活動、傳統知識、價值、質地、顏色、氣味等）構成。這些元素對遺產地的形成和賦予遺產地精神有著重大的貢獻。我們宣佈，無形文化遺產給予了遺產整體更加豐富、完整的意義，必須將其考慮在所有的文化遺產相關立法，以及古跡、遺址、景觀、線路和藏品的保護與修復工作中。
2. 由於遺產地精神複雜且形式多樣，為更好地理解、保護和傳承遺產地精神，我們敦促各國政府和利益相關者，向跨學科研究團隊和傳統從業人員請教專業知識和技能。
3. 由於遺產地精神的形成是應社區變化和持續發展之需而不斷重構的過程，我們認為，遺產地精神會根據社會群體的記憶習慣、隨著時間推移和文化變化而改變；同時，一個遺產地可以擁有數種精神，並由不同群體共用。

認清對遺產地精神的威脅

1. 由於氣候變化、大規模旅遊、軍事衝突和城市開發導致社會變遷和解體，我們需要更加全面地理解這些威脅，以提出預防措施和可持續的解決方案。我們建議政府和非政府機構、地方和國家遺產組織，制定長期戰略計畫，預防遺產地精神及其環境的惡化。此外，還應向居民和地方當局宣傳遺產地精神保護，使他們對不斷變遷的世界帶來的威脅做好更充分的準備。
2. 由於不同群體共用遺產地會為其帶來多種不同的精神，也增加了競爭和衝突的風險，我們認識到，這些遺產地需要特定的管理規劃和策略，以適應現代多文化社會的多元環境。因為對遺產地精神的威脅在少數群體中尤其突出，無論他們是本土居民或外來者，我們都建議，這些群體應當受到特定政策和措施的最優先和首要的照顧。

遺產地精神的保護

1. 由於當今世界在大部分國家中，遺產地精神、特別是其無形元素，並未從正規教育或立法保護中獲益，我們建議，建立論壇，諮詢不同背景的專家和來自當地社區的掌握豐富知識技能的人，制定培訓計畫和法律政策，以更好地保護和宣傳遺產地精神。
2. 考慮到現代數位技術（資料庫、網站）能夠低成本、高效率地開發整合遺產有形和無形元素的多媒體資訊，為了更好地保護、宣傳和促進遺產地及其精神，我們強烈建議廣泛運用此類技術。它將推動遺產地精神記錄的多樣性發展和持續更新。

遺產地精神的傳承

1. 認識到遺產地精神主要由人類傳承，而傳承又是保護它的重要組成部分，我們強調，通過互動交流和相關社區的參與，遺產地精神能夠得到最有效的保護、使用和鞏固。交流是保持遺產地精神生生不息的最佳途徑。
2. 鑒於遺產地所在社區，尤其是傳統文化群體，通常最能夠理解遺產地精神，因而我們認為，他們最適合保護遺產地精神，且應與所有保護和傳承遺產地精神的努力密切相關。應鼓勵採取各種非正式（口述、儀式、表演、傳統經驗和實踐等）和正式（教育專案、數位資料庫、網站、教學工具、多媒體演示等）的傳承方法，因為它們不僅能夠確保遺產地精神的保護，更重要的是能夠保護社區的可持續性社會發展。
3. 認識到跨世代和跨文化傳承在持續宣傳和保護遺產地精神方面所扮演的重要角色，我們建議，年輕一代以及和遺產地有關的不同文化群體在遺產地精神的政策制定和管理上能夠增進合作並參與其中。

Québec Declaration on the Preservation of the Spirit of Place

Adopted at Québec, Canada, October 4th 2008

Preamble

Meeting in the historic city of Québec (Canada), from 29 September to 4 October 2008, at the invitation of ICOMOS Canada, on the occasion of the 16th General Assembly of ICOMOS and the celebrations marking the 400th anniversary of the founding of Québec, the participants adopt the following Declaration of principles and recommendations to preserve the spirit of place through the safeguarding of tangible and intangible heritage, which is regarded as an innovative and efficient manner of ensuring sustainable and social development throughout the world.

This Declaration is part of a series of measures and actions undertaken by ICOMOS over the course of the past five years to safeguard and promote the spirit of places, namely their living, social and spiritual nature. In 2003, ICOMOS focused the scientific symposium of its 14th General Assembly on the theme of the preservation of social intangible values of monuments and sites. In the ensuing Kimberly Declaration, ICOMOS committed itself to taking into account the intangible values (memory, beliefs, traditional knowledge, attachment to place) and the local communities that are the custodians of these values in the management and preservation of monuments and sites under the World Heritage Convention of 1972. The ICOMOS Xi’an Declaration of 2005 draws attention to the conservation of context, defined as the physical, visual and natural aspects as well as social and spiritual practices, customs, traditional knowledge and other intangible forms and expressions, in the protection and promotion of world heritage monuments and sites. It also calls upon a multidisciplinary approach and diversified sources of information in order to better understand, manage and conserve context. The Declaration of Foz Do Iguaçu, drawn up in 2008 by ICOMOS Americas, specifies that the tangible and intangible components of heritage are essential in the preservation of the identity of communities that have created and transmitted spaces of cultural and historical significance. The new ICOMOS charters on Cultural Routes and on Interpretation and Presentation, formulated after extensive consultations and presented for ratification at the present 16th ICOMOS General Assembly, also recognize the importance of intangible dimensions of heritage and the spiritual value of place. Because of the indivisible nature of tangible and intangible heritage and the meanings, values and context intangible heritage gives to objects and places, ICOMOS is currently considering the adoption of a new charter dedicated specifically to the intangible heritage of monuments and sites. In this regard, we encourage discussion and debates in order to develop a new conceptual vocabulary that takes into account the ontological changes of the spirit of place.

The 16th General Assembly, and more specifically the Youth Forum, the Aboriginal Forum and the Scientific Symposium, have provided an opportunity to further explore the relationship between tangible and intangible heritage, and the internal social and cultural mechanisms of the spirit of place. Spirit of place is defined as the tangible (buildings, sites, landscapes, routes, objects) and the intangible elements (memories, narratives, written documents, rituals, festivals, traditional knowledge, values, textures, colors, odors, etc.), that is to say the physical and the spiritual elements that give meaning, value, emotion and mystery to place. Rather than separate spirit from place, the intangible from the tangible, and consider them as opposed to each other, we have investigated the many ways in which the two interact and mutually construct one another. The spirit of place is constructed by various social actors, its architects and managers as well as its users, who all contribute actively and concurrently to giving it meaning. Considered as a relational concept, spirit of place takes on a plural and dynamic character, capable of possessing multiple meanings and singularities, of changing through time, and of belonging to different groups. This more dynamic approach is also better adapted to today’s globalized world, which is characterized by transnational population movements, relocated populations, increased intercultural contacts, pluralistic societies, and multiple attachments to place.

The spirit of place offers a more comprehensive understanding of the living and, at the same time, permanent character of monuments, sites and cultural landscapes. It provides a richer, more dynamic, and inclusive vision of cultural heritage. Spirit of place exists, in one form or another, in practically all the cultures of the world, and is constructed by human beings in response to their social needs. The communities that inhabit place, especially when they are traditional societies, should be intimately associated in the safeguarding of its memory, vitality, continuity and spirituality.

The participants of the 16th General Assembly of ICOMOS therefore address the following Declaration of principles and recommendations to intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, national and local authorities and all institutions and specialists in a position to contribute through legislation, policies, planning processes and management to better protecting and promoting the spirit of place.

Rethinking the Spirit of Place

1. Recognizing that the spirit of place is made up of tangible (sites, buildings, landscapes, routes, objects) as well as intangible elements (memories, narratives, written documents, festivals, commemorations, rituals, traditional knowledge, values, textures, colors, odors, etc.), which all significantly contribute to making place and to giving it spirit, we declare that intangible cultural heritage gives a richer and more complete meaning to heritage as a whole and it must be taken into account in all legislation concerning cultural heritage, and in all conservation and restoration projects for monuments, sites, landscapes, routes and collections of objects.
2. Because the spirit of place is complex and multiform, we demand that governments and other stakeholders call upon the expertise of multidisciplinary research teams and traditional practitioners in order to better understand, preserve and transmit the spirit of place.
3. Since the spirit of place is a continuously reconstructed process, which responds to the needs for change and continuity of communities, we uphold that it can vary in time and from one culture to another according to their practices of memory, and that a place can have several spirits and be shared by different groups.

Identifying the Threats to the Spirit of Place

1. Since climatic change, mass tourism, armed conflict and urban development lead to the transformation and disruption of societies, we need to better understand these threats in order to establish preventive measures and sustainable solutions. We recommend that governmental and non-governmental agencies, and local and national heritage organizations develop long term strategic plans to prevent the degradation of the spirit of place and its environment. The inhabitants and local authorities should also be made aware of the safeguarding of the spirit of place so that they are better prepared to deal with the threats of a changing world.
2. As the sharing of places invested with different spirits by several groups increases the risk of competition and conflict, we recognize that these sites require specific management plans and strategies, adapted to the pluralistic context of modern multicultural societies. Because the threats to the spirit of place are especially high amongst minority groups, be they natives or newcomers, we recommend that these groups benefit first and foremost from specific policies and practices.

Safeguarding the Spirit of Place

1. Because in most countries of the world today the spirit of place, in particular its intangible components, do not currently benefit from formal educational programs or legal protection, we recommend the setting up of forums and consultations with experts from different backgrounds and resource persons from local communities, and the development of training programs and legal policies in order to better safeguard and promote the spirit of place.
2. Considering that modern digital technologies (digital databases, websites) can be used efficiently and effectively at a low cost to develop multimedia inventories that integrate tangible and intangible elements of heritage, we strongly recommend their widespread use in order to better preserve, disseminate and promote heritage places and their spirit. These technologies facilitate the diversity and constant renewal of the documentation on the spirit of place.

Transmitting the Spirit of Place

1. Recognizing that spirit of place is transmitted essentially by people, and that transmission is an important part of its conservation, we declare that it is through interactive communication and the participation of the concerned communities that the spirit of place is most efficiently safeguarded, used and enhanced. Communication is the best tool for keeping the spirit of place alive.
2. Given that local communities are generally in the best position to comprehend the spirit of place, especially in the case of traditional cultural groups, we maintain that they are also best equipped to safeguard it and should be intimately associated in all endeavors to preserve and transmit the spirit of place. Non-formal (narratives, rituals, performances, traditional experience and practices, etc.) and formal (educational programs, digital databases, websites, pedagogical tools, multimedia presentations, etc.) means of transmission should be encouraged because they ensure not only the safeguarding of the spirit of place but, more importantly, the sustainable and social development of the community.
3. Recognizing that intergenerational and transcultural transmission plays an important role in the sustained dissemination and the preservation of the spirit of place, we recommend the association and involvement of younger generations, as well as different cultural groups associated with the site, in policy-making and the management of the spirit of place.